What are the disadvantages of nanoparticles in drug delivery? Since "nanotechnology" was presented by Nobel laureate Richard P. Feynman during his well famous 1959 lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" (Feynman, 1960), there have been made various revolutionary developments in the field of nanotechnology.Nanotechnology produced materials of various types at nanoscale level. Metal-based nanoparticles have been exploited for their antioxidant properties thereby nullifying the effect of free radicals contributing to anti-aging. This benefits the treatment of dandruff, itchy and oily scalp [33]. Thus, it is critical to consider toxicity effects upon exposure to the human body while using nanotechnology-based cosmetics [182]. Application of JSH18 containing SLN formulations has shown effective recovery of skin coloration in hairless rats within 4 days post-exposure to UV irradiation for a time period of 7 days thus suggesting its potential applicability in skin whitening [122]. In another study, it was revealed that 10 and 50 nm citrate-coated AuNPs did not show toxicity towards embryonic fibroblast cells [28]. This system makes an efficient and precise delivery of actives present in cosmetics. The varied types of nanomaterials with various characteristics and may create different benefits. Figure 4. The brief outline of their methods of synthesis has been summarised in table 1. The hair and skin also get protected from the UV rays because of liposomes. Different methods for the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles are reported such as using a high-pressure homogenization process. The better feel and distribution of the cosmetics can be achieved through the use of zinc oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles. When the comparison of results of the 3-(4, 5-Dimethythiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay of upconversion nanoparticles cytotoxicity in the 3D tissue engineering constructs and monolayer cell cultures of HaCaT cells was done it was found that the viability of cells lines due to PAA and PEG-coated upconversion nanoparticles reduced to 85%, while in case of PEI coated nanoparticles it was decreased upto 65% [37]. This is beneficial for the efficient delivery of active components via skin. These chitosan NPs entrapped and - arbutin have been observed to show higher stability and greater bioavailability as compared to their free forms thus proving chitosan NPs a promising carrier for topical delivery in skin whitening formulations [123, 124]. ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles which are extensively used in skincare products as UV blockers are also known for ROS generation after photoexcitation. In dental care, hydroxyapatite is used for remineralization and in case of hypersensitivity. Conversely, these characteristics are hypothesized to be the basis for nanoparticles induced toxicity which arises due to the complex interplay between nanoparticle uniqueness (e.g. The use of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles also increases the shelf life upto 23 months due to its stable nature [140]. The results regarding the safety of silica nanoparticles are contentious, so deeper studies regarding the use of nanoparticles in cosmetics need to be conducted [36]. The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using Hubertia ambavilla plant exhibited that gold nanoparticles are biocompatible in nature as these nanoparticles are non-toxic to human dermal fibroblasts, ability to scavenge free radicals and impart UVA protection to fibroblast and dermal cells [30]. There are different types of CNTs like single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled CNTs. The active ingredients are adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles which act as a vehicle for the delivery. Because of such characteristics of the dendrimers, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules are enclosed into dendrimers [73]. The nanoemulsions are able to reduce the delicacy and oily nature of hair making the hair shiny. In the best case scenario, this might lead to lung inflammation. The most important features for the use of these nanoparticles include their defined size and surface area. Also, silver nanoparticles present in the wastewater were found to show higher toxicity in comparison with TiO2 nanoparticles from the wastewater as well [188]. These ROS affects the macromolecules present in the cells such as proteins, DNA even the cell membranes. Nanotechnology: Tried but Untested. nanotechnology, which have great interest in agricultural revolution, are high reactivity, enhanced bioavailability and bioactivity, adherence effects and surface effects of nanoparticles (Gutirrez et al. The nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) are substantially used, since these nanoparticles are non-oily, easily absorbed. Have in mind, though, that the field is vaguely regulated and manufacturers are not required to mention the use of nanoparticles on their labels. Copyright (2019) from Elsevier. They are considered safe. 8 However, the removal of. Nanotechnology could help to improve the sustainable production of crops for food or fuels. Punicalagins of pomegranate revealed the presence of free radical scavenging capacity. NPs are of great interest in drug delivery systems, drug formulation, medical diagnostic, and biosensor production. In the meantime, they advise on trying to avoid products formulated with the help of nanoparticles. The 1st generation dendrimer has one series of branches; in the case of 2nd generation dendrimers, there are two series of branches. When pregnant mice were exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles male offspring caused brain damage. Roxithromycin (ROX) loaded pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) have been used against hair loss problem because of its hair restoration property. These are spherical double phospholipid membrane-bound molecules. The deep delivery of active ingredients present in cosmetics can be achieved through nanospheres. The risks associated with the use of nanomaterials need to be defined in different aspects. The carboxy- fullerenes are able to protect the keratinocytes from UVB-induced damages. Better safe than sorry. Ultrasound is another method for preparing lipid nanoparticles using high energy. When the structure of the skin is considered, it is composed of the outer epidermis which covers the layer of the dermis which confines blood and lymph vessels. Thus, the use of silver nanoparticles in dental formulations can aid in controlling microbial infections selectively by virtue of its high antimicrobial activity as well as biocompatibility against human cells [143]. Nanoparticles (NPs) are produced through nanotechnology development by reducing the metal to its nuclear size. The very first method of synthesis of liposomes was extrusion. The use of carbon nanotubes has been observed to impart black color to human hair without damaging it. Thus, these nanocapsules are biocompatible in nature and are used in various deodorants. The eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles is achieved through the Punica granatum juice which is valuable in cosmetic preparations [31]. These nanoemulsions are used in various hair sunscreens, shampoos, skin and deodorants. However, research on nanoparticle toxicity needs to be considered. Full article: Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis It is observed that exposure to silver nanoparticles remarkably decreases cell viability, metabolic rate as well as severely impairs its migration and proliferation. Exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles for a prolonged period of 21 days has been observed to decrease the proportion of viable embryos in zebrafish thereby affecting its reproduction severely [185]. The widespread use of nanoparticles in cosmetics is due to the advantages they have over their large-scale counterparts, which are directly related to their particle size. SLNs ensured a controlled release profile in case of resveratrol upto 70% in a time period of 24 hrs thereby increasing its bioavailability. SLN and NLC (Nanostructured Lipid Carrier) are widely used as carriers for sunscreens, anti-acne and anti-aging components [8284]. The skin lotion of Dr. Rimpler GmbH, Germany, improved skin penetration using NLCs [87, 88]. Chemically modified CNTs are applied for coloring hair, eyelashes, or eyebrows [110]. In the long term, the traces of TiO2 affect the brain [171]. The interactions between the nanomaterials and the skin have been derived through the experiments. Nano-scale Material of various types had been produced by nanotechnology. The coating of upconversion nanoparticles with polymers improves the penetration in the skin as shown in figure 2. Along with the size of nanoparticles, the chemical nature of nanoparticles also affects the human system. These nanoemulsions provide excellent antioxidant properties due to the presence of tocopherols and gamma-oryzanol in addition to superior hydration properties in comparison with conventional moisturizers [137]. The advantages and disadvantages of these fabrication methods are summarized in Table 2.Some of the most important of these benefits are [61,62,63,64,65,66]:Biocompatibility Synthesis by laser irradiation of polycyclic hydrocarbons. There is a wide usage of nanoparticles in anti-aging products because of their carrier nature [151, 152]. The studies regarding in vitro testing of non-cytotoxic concentrations of nanoparticles are reported for example, for AgNPs synthesized by using fenugreek leaves revealed the least cytotoxic effect against HaCaT cells at a concentration of 250 g ml1 [189]. However, the risks, health and environmental hazards are caused due to exposure to nanoparticles which are not fully understood [175]. Rachana Yadwade1, Saee Gharpure1 and Balaprasad Ankamwar1, Published 26 April 2021 This review mainly seeks the pros and cons of the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics along with some examples of nanomaterials that are widely used in cosmetic industries along with different types of nanotechnology-based cosmetic products. Silver nanoparticles have been reported to show excellent antimicrobial activity against multiple aerobic and anaerobic oral pathogens like Escherichia coli, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nuceatum, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans as well as Streptococcus sanguinis in a size-dependent manner. As per the study, TiO2 nanoparticles are effective in UV B and ZnO nanoparticles are efficient in UV A. Moreover, resveratrol encapsulated SLNs showed more efficient penetration into stratum corneum thus suggesting to be a promising alternative to be used in skincare products due to its lasting antioxidant properties [136]. When used in a non-airborne form though, Titanium dioxide is considered safe. The multiple layers of graphene tubes lead to form multi-walled CNTs [110]. One disadvantage of nanoparticulate sunscreens is that they tend to clump together, making them difficult to apply. Carbon nanotubes with chemical and physical modifications have also been used in hair coloring. Genotoxicity of AuNPs was reported as nonphototoxic, nongenotoxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing according to OECD guidelines. As the nanomaterials possess different characteristics as compared to bulk materials, they might be able to alter the biological properties. The present knowledge regarding the safety of nanoparticles is insufficient. Suggest another disadvantage of these sunscreens. This ultimately determines the efficacy of UV filtration in sunscreens [19]. When the rats were administered with nanoparticles by instillation the lungs of rats revealed some inflammatory signs and consequently, the tumours were observed in the lungs. Zinc nanoparticles in non-aggregated form have been reported to be used in oral composition with anti-plaque as well as anti-malodor benefits. Similarly, anatase and rutile forms of TiO2 nanoparticles have shown reduced cell viability as well as a decrease in chlorophyll content in freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. Nanotechnology is a known field of research since last century.