Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. This supports a genetic link. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. Schizophrenia and Dopamine: Links and Connections - Healthline (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. Tienari Et. 11 items. LS23 6AD Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. They generally have fewer side effects eg. But they tended to block ALL types of dopamine activity, (in other parts of the brain as well) and this caused side effects and may have been harmful. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Diathesis-Stress Model - Simply Psychology Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Assessment: The therapist encourages the patient to explain their concerns. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia (n = 23, 57.5%) followed by epileptic psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) and general psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) with one of psychotic depression and one psychosis secondary to general medical condition. Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. Book now . Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, some individuals with genetic susceptibilities to the disorder nonetheless remain healthy. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. Company Reg no: 04489574. Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Parents who have already suffered their child going through the dis-order and have to look after them with care go into more trauma by being blamed for the condition. including dysfunctional thought processing. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad). Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) | Note - GoConqr Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). Delusions of Grandeur). tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. This suggests that understanding the effects of cognitive deficits allows psychologists to create new initiatives for schizophrenics and improve the quality of their lives. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? Severe side effects Long term use can result in tardive dyskinesia which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as blinking and lip smacking While they may be effective, the severity of the side effects mean the costs outweigh the benefits therefore they are not an appropriate treatment. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. [2 marks], - Characteristics of dysfunction eg difficulties in communication, high levels of interpersonal conflict, Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks], Briefly discuss two limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. One weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that there are methodological problems. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Dysfunctional Family: Meaning, Examples & Facts I StudySmarter A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Schizophrenia | Psychology | tutor2u Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? Delusions are false beliefs. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Essentially due to . For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. Outline and evaluate the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. Risperidone is another atypical antipsychotic, and is designed to be as effective as Clozapine without the risky side-effects. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. For example, trying to persuade an individual that the government is not watching or monitoring them in any way may interfere with their (possibly justifiable) fear of an over-controlling government. 806 8067 22 Research by Miyakawa et al. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. Sweets and cigarettes. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). less effect on movement B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. They are then given homework tasks to practice, and keep a record of how it worked. Boston House, Therefore, the evidence supporting token economies is very weak. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. Research suggests that these delusions are associated with specific biases in reasoning about and explaining social situations. Hallucinations are usually auditory or visual perceptions of things that are not present. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. A study by Anderson et al. The validity of schizophrenia as a single disorder is questioned by many. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. Family dysfunction refers to the workings of dysfunctional families, and the effects of being brought up in one, contributing to schizophrenia. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. . He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Also, research by Sherrington et al. they said an event was real but it was in their head. Having attempted to dispute faulty beliefs, patients may also be set behavioural assignments with the aim of improving their general level of functioning. This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). where normal functions are limited: including speech poverty and avolition. (1990). So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket Some sufferers only take a course of antipsychotics once, while others have to take a regular dose in order to prevent symptoms from reappearing. amphetamines) can produce-schizophrenia like symptoms in non-sufferers. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia 2. Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. Noll (2009) also argues around one third of patients do not respond to drugs which block dopamine so other neurotransmitters may be involved. Symptom targeting: a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is difficult as the practitioner has no physical signs but only symptoms (what the patient reports) to make a decision on. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Psychologists use the DSM and ICD to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. PDF (Total 16 marks) - Psych205 Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. For men the figure was 59%. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Schizophrenia: Comorbidity | Psychology | tutor2u Comorbidity refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. Evidence for this comes from that fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine . In CBT, patients may be taught to recognise examples of dysfunctional or delusional thinking, then may receive help on how to avoid acting on these thoughts. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). The patients with the most severe symptoms are unable to access the tokens, as they are unable to perform the desirable behaviours. Family dysfunction | definition of Family dysfunction by Medical dictionary There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. However she still suffers negative symptoms and side effects. It is more likely [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. Objectives: To compare social skills in patients with schizophrenia classified according the degree of treatment response and severity of psychopathology with normative controls by using the Del Prette Social Skills Inventory (SSI). This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. For example, major depression and schizophrenia both involve very low levels of motivation. At least 73% of his sample reported that these strategies were successful in managing their symptoms. Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia - YouTube The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. Boston Spa, Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Refer to one or more typesof family dysfunction in your answer. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. Psychological therapies are very rarely used alone, but sometimes patients may just take drugs without any other therapy. A dysfunctional family is one that has at its core destructive and harmful parenting and a lack of concern for the child. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. Another problem is the theory led's to parent blaming. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Inherited factors that make some individuals more likely to develop a certain behaviour or mental disorder. For example, it suggests that schizophrenic behavior is the cause of environmental factors such as cognitive factors. Bateson et al. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. This requires honesty, patience and unconditional acceptance. There are two components: 1. They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. [2 marks], Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks] and more. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Autopsies have found that there are generally a large number of dopamine receptors (Owen et al., 1987) and there was an increase in the amount of dopamine in the left amygdale (falkai et al. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. 214 High Street, This creates problems of reliability. The Diathesis Stress model of schizophrenia is part of the interactionist approach that see's schizophrenia developing due to an interaction between the biological (diathesis) and the environmental (stress) influences. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). It is not a cure. In London the rate remained at 20%, suggesting neither group had a valid definition of schizophrenia. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49 3x sold 11 items 1.
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