As in all papers, the analysis must include an introduction, body, and conclusion. To define the lemma of each token, the part-of-speech (POS) tagger developed by Toutanova et al. As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. The public perceived J. Kerry as a kind of depressed person, serious, somber, and cold, adopting more frequently negative emotion expressions (e.g. Teachers can choose to have students focus on one or more historical inaugurations and analyze the speeches by looking at the historical challenges facing the nation, topics discussed in the. Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. A Rhetorical Criticism and Analysis of President Ronald Reagan's Inaugural Address: Applying the Burkeian Dramatistic Pentad Approach Marzuki Jamil Baki bin Haji Mohamed Johar Bachik Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program inSpeech Communicationat Eastern Illinois University. Great Speeches Assignment - COMM 1020: Public Speaking - Research From a stylistic point of view, this corpus is homogenous, corresponding to an oral communication form, extracted from a short period of time, and with the same main objectives (convincing the people, answering questions, presenting their ideas and solutions). Ask students to share their outlines and thesis statements. Moreover, the first and last examples tackle one of the recurrent topics for the Democrat, for which the terms college, university, and tuition are specific in Sanders rhetoric. From these analyses, one can observe, for example, that governmental institutions tend to smooth out the differences between political parties when exercising command. A more general overview of using different computer-based strategy to detect and extract topical information from political texts can be found in (Grimmer and Stewart, 2013). endobj Help students find the author of the speech because this will challenge some students. 1 May 2023. The previous section focusses mainly on stylistic features, both at the lexical and syntactical level. Displaying directly the 9 9 matrix containing these distances has a limited interest. The pronoun we stays ambiguous (Who is behind the we? The Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. Former President Bushs Defends War in Iraq Speech. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). Unsurprisingly, the article the and the verb be (lemma of the word types am, is, are, was, etc.) By exploring myths and truths surrounding Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, students think critically about commonly believed stories regarding this famous speech from the Civil War era. Trumps style appears, here too, as distinct from the others, providing his answers and comments around functional words. In his answers, Trump prefers using intensively the verb construction (see Table 4), the pronoun I, and the negation (see Table 6). With a longer distance, one can find the team Rubio and Cruz, with Bush having some affinities with this pair. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, I would I had that corporal soundness: Pervez Rizvi's Analysis of the Word Adjacency Network Method of Authorship Attribution, Provenance visualization: Tracing people, processes, and practices through a data-driven approach to provenance, Proverbs as indicators of proficiency for art-generating AI, A new approach for the construction of historical databasesNoSQL Document-oriented databases: the example of AtlantoCracies, The Digital Reading Condition. Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) Patrick Henry and "Give Me Liberty!" - Lesson Plan - America in Class Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. The 2016 US presidential election was characterized by two figures, both unloved by the majority of Americans (Yourish, 2016). Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. Analyzing Famous Speeches as Arguments - National Council of - NCTE Virginia ranked among the largest, wealthiest, and most populous colonies in 1775, and her political and military support for independence would be crucial for success. Note. O to explain why military action is necessary How were the respective nominees able to win the primaries according to their speeches? Require students to write a graduation speech or a speech on another topic. This set of words indicates the political electoral parlance or recurrent words used by politicians during an election. Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to "open up" to the topic, the argument, or to the author. MERCIECA: It's been my pleasure. Search for other works by this author on: As a second stylistic indicator, the lexical density (denoted LD in. Can one discover the rhetorical features that can explain a Trump or Clinton success? MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. A relatively high LD percentage indicates a more complex text, containing more information. In this example, terms having a Z score larger than 5.0 are depicted in italics. They can peruse print or online news sources to select a current event that interests them. Such a selection strategy produces a low recall because many tweets about Obamas administration are not considered). Finally, the champion in the usage of I is Trump who clearly has adopted a distinct style in the campaign, putting the light more on his ego. The relationship of some candidates to their origin is also represented (Ohio with Kasich, Texas for Cruz, Kentucky with Paul, Maryland for OMalley). These three speeches are President Barack Obamas speech to children in 2009, George H.W. Start your introduction paragraph with an attention-getter or hook. Check your understanding of various theories on the nature of intelligence by matching the names of their originators with the brief descriptions of the given theory's main theme. That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. Rhetorical Analysis Essay Two: Speeches by US Presidents Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is for you to write a rhetorical analysis of two speeches. 4 0 obj The results indicated the prominent role of logos in presidential speeches as the most frequent strategy. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. More recently, the web-based communication channels have been studied, but in this perspective, those studies are using more often tweets and less frequently blogs, or audio and video media (e.g. Grounded on this measure, one can compute the intertextual distance between all nine candidates. Page ! Me and the Congress?). Donald Trump seemed sincere, authentic, saying what he thinks, putting aside political correctness. Presidential Rhetoric The Speech Analysis - analysis paper example COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. From data depicted in Table 3, one can see that the TTR value reaches a minimum of 29.7 (Trump) to a maximum of 37.9 (OMalley). say, know, go, want), and the noun president. For Clinton, the term affordable must be related to the Affordable Care Act (or health insurance reform). analyze the effects of the rhetorical devices on the delivered speech. An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. SHAPIRO: Jennifer Mercieca of Texas A&M University, author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. For example, starting with Bush, one can follow the branch until reaching the central point, then one can go along the lines leading to the second person (e.g. Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. Whether the speech is meant to inform, persuade, or entertain, it can be analyzed for its rhetorical intent. To analyze the rhetoric and style adopted by the candidates during the primaries of the 2016 US primary election, the transcripts of the TV debates have been downloaded from the Internet (mainly from the Web site www.presidency.ucsb.edu). Another element of rhetorical analysis is simply reading and summarizing the text. In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on this day. As another frequently used word, one can see say (five candidates), country, know, go (four candidates), and president, think for three candidates. President Lincoln was a skilled statesman, orator, and . Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions I think that it'll be interesting to see what happens next. As depicted in Figs 1 and 2, Cruz represents a distinctive fraction of the Republican party. From overall stylistic measurements shown in Table 3, Ted Cruz appears with higher values than the mean. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the worlds most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863. X European trade unionists They need to understand the climate, but they do not need to be complete experts on the historical details in order to understand the elements of the speech. The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . Select two options. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? Grounded on the MSL, LD, and BW indicators, one can see that Trump is adopting a more direct communication style, selecting simple words and producing short sentences. To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. Too often, however, the spoken word is left unanalyzed, even though the spoken word has the potential to alter our space just as much than the written. SHAPIRO: Tell us about the significance of that, those actual physical threats. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. This phenomenon is assumed to be the exception rather than the norm. Barack Obama Inauguration Speech 2009: Analysis - StudyCorgi.com Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. 1, only the functional words (409 entries) have been used to reflect the style of each candidate. MERCIECA: Yeah, he's absolutely used the fire hose of propaganda model. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. Of course, one can raise the question of the speakers spontaneity because Donna Brazile, who worked for CNN, provided, at least once, prepared questions to Clinton before a debate. Former President Clintons I Have Sinned Speech. There are four rhetorical appeals: ethos, kairos, logos, and pathos. To understand the difference between word type and token, consider the following sentence: the law is harsh, but it is the law. Similar themes appear under several candidates with different terminology such as caliphate (Bush), Islamic (Cruz), ISIL (OMalley). Accuracy and availability may vary. With Trump and Clinton, one can find also relatively high PTC values compared to the other candidates. Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). During an electoral campaign, the word tax is clearly more recurrent than budget to discuss financial issue, in part because the term tax is closer to citizens perception than the budget is. Just considering the ten most frequent words, similar sets appearing with each candidate and the difference between them lies on their ranking as shown previously. Ignoring the punctuation, the type the, is, or law each occur twice. This is a good time to discuss the Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian Triad) or discuss a chapter on audience from an argumentative textbook. Rhetorical Analysis 2.Rev. docx.pdf - Rhetorical Analysis Students then evaluate the impact of the Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. Rhetorical Strategies: Example, List & Types | StudySmarter The rest of this article is organized as follows. Using the Diction system, Bligh et al. For all candidates, except for Cruz or Paul, the term people appears in the top four most frequent topical words. As a tweet is rather short (in mean eleven words), the sentiment estimation is simply the count of the number of positive and negative words appearing in the OpinionFinder dictionary (Wilson et al., 2005). . On the other hand, Clinton could want to accentuate the human aspect and uses in this case the word immigrants. And Donald Trump has wielded language like a cudgel. endobj (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. In this essay, we will analyze the rhetorical strategies used by Anne Hutchinson in her sermons . Political texts have been the subject of various studies discussing different aspects of them. By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. Step 1: Identify a Speech. This website includes information on finding and documenting sources in the MLA format. detects/vbz detect/vb). A Text Analysis of the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election Campaign Speeches Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights It studies the rhetorical strategies that help the speakers to achieve the desired goal effectively, and add persuasiveness to the addresses. This session would happen in about a week. To build Fig. Hutchinson's rhetoric was powerful, persuasive, and often controversial. After gaining skill through analyzing a historic and contemporary speech as a class, students will select a famous speech from a list compiled from several resourcesand write an essay that identifies and explains the rhetorical strategies that the author deliberately chose while crafting the text to make an effective argument. Through content analysis this thesis was designed to determine whether persuasive happy, truly, win), and the future tense. A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD J. TRUMP'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS DANIELLE F. DICKERSON 2019 In this thesis, I utilized three distinct theories (ideographs, dramatism, and the bully pulpit) to rhetorically analyze and assess President Trump's 2017 inaugural address. 1. On the other hand, OMalley or Cruz (TTR: 37.3) have opted for a larger coverage requiring a larger number of distinct words and phrases. This is a good date to look at famous speeches and what they include and why. Finally, the terms and sentences specific to each candidate will be computed and some examples will be given. So when you have a president using . This rhetoric problem was recognized by previous US president such as President Johnson who told his speechwriters: I want four-letter words, and I want four sentences to the paragraph. (Hart, 1984). endobj In the Republican party, the federal debt is debated by Rubio, and marginally by Kasich, and Paul. The article aims to reveal the similar tendencies in rhetorical speeches used by the political leaders. The method of analysis was to locate expressions where linguistic choices seem to have been made in order to convey certain views. Rhetorical Analysis Of Back To School - 1034 Words | Bartleby Essay Rubric: This rubric is used as a guide for students as they are writing their essay, and for teachers to use as a grading tool. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Rhetoric can be defined as the ability to determine how to best communicate in a given situation. But I watch you a lot. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. Students explore the "I Have a Dream" Foundation's website and brainstorm ways they can help themselves or others at their school achieve their educational dreams. <> One can see the presence of expressions related to the dialogue between candidates (Senator Sanders by Clinton, Donald with Cruz, Jeb under Trump). The Type-Token Ratio (TTR) or the relationship between the vocabulary size and the number of word types (Baayen, 2008) corresponds to our last global stylistic measure. One can count nine word tokens (or simply tokens) and six word types (or types). Antanagoge. A rhetorical analysis essay is assigned to students at different academic levels. Provide a copy of the. Washington, DC - Two decades ago, on May 1, 2003, then-US President George W Bush declared "major combat operations in Iraq have ended" in a speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln . How President Trump's Rhetoric Has Affected U.S. Politics The underlying hypothesis is to assume that the words serve as guides to the way the author thinks, acts, or feels. Even if a long sentence is required, its length does not guarantee an easy understanding. As shown previously, the h-point is rather small, and thus, the words reflecting more the style (e.g. In this session, students will respond each other's drafts using the, Determine and discuss the final due date with your students. For a given term ti, its absolute frequency in P0 is given by tfi0, and in P1 by tfi1. Peer Response Handout: Students use this worksheet to examine and answer questions regarding their peer's essay. In this type of analysis, the object of analysis is mostly some kind of book, a movie, or any other type of creative work. Analysis and History of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address - Study.com Yes, I do believe that now after the American people bailed Wall Street out, yes, they should pay a Wall Street speculation tax so that we can make public colleges and universities tuition-free. (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016), Why does the fossil fuel industry pay, spend huge amounts of money on campaign contributions? (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016), I do believe that in the year 2016 we have to look terms of public education as colleges as part of public education making public colleges and universities tuition free. (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016). As another example, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010) regroups different categories used to evaluate the authors psychological status (e.g. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. The value of this talent is also highly desirable among employers in . 3 0 obj What is a Rhetorical Analysis Essay? Know Now With Examples - College Essay The analysis of the style can be grounded on the relative frequencies of the different POS or grammatical categories. With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. health care reform in 1993). If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. PSQ's distinguished contributors are leading scholars and professionals in political science, history, and communications. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? Finally, have students work on writing their papers by writing their introductions with an enticing grab or hook. If time permits, have students share their work. Of course, behind this person, a political program must also appear. 4. Writing a rhetorical analysis essay is a bit different from other essay types. Reagan's JFK speech rhetorical analysis essay.docx - Noah 5. For the Democrats (Hillary Clinton, Martin OMalley, and Bernie Sanders), one can count nine TV debates held from 13 October 2015 (with five candidates) to 9 March 2016 (with two candidates). Table 2 reports the top ten most frequent lemmas for each selected candidate. Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. For him, all appearances and comments on the media were an opportunity for self-promotion. What is the main reason a speaker might use exclusive language? %PDF-1.5 and appeals before you start. Can one be more precise than the simple sequence of isolated words such as balanced, budget, we (Kasich) or IRS, tax (Cruz)? This assignment requires students to look for those elements. Presidential Communication to Children: An Analysis of Persuasive xksg#N=f%qI>P$EHF& 1E]~O6m6lzf~?|\N?xX-O?m6jF/:'g gMN7~-_/NLf/_4Y!'Y#;rlS?5/~|lxR:M` Work with students to identify warrants, claims, and appeals. His writing is uses many analogies. This analysis is based on the thematic concentration of a text, providing a first overview at the recurrent topical terms used by each candidate. endobj 8 25 Consider posing questions such as. A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). 2, the intertextual distance is computed according to topical words, and no word used to draw Fig. He argues about the values of hard work and taking responsibility for paving your own way to success, even though the obstacles seems difficult. Presidential rhetoric in times of crisis: A textual analysis of The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. As each candidate is represented by her/his remarks in the TV debates, one can compute a distance reflecting their similarities (Labb and Labb, 2006). write an analysis of a speech with in-text documentation. Discuss a particular rhetorical device that the President used and the purpose it served. Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. Take the students to the library and allow them to research their speeches. Dont vote for the other one, Analysis Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Finding her voice: Hillary Clinton Rhetoric in the 2008 presidential campaign, Presidential Campaigns. Table 5 reports both the h-point and the first four recurrent topical words. Trump's intended audience while giving the speech is to his loyal supporters. Presidents are also using very frequently the words government, world, and the adjectives free, great, or new. (2003) was first applied. PDF Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address
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