Malaria vaccines provide new hope in fight against the disease, Measles: Why the World Health Organization has declared it an imminent global threat, Research reveals the links between viruses and Alzheimer's disease, COVID: Inhalable and nasal vaccines could offer more durable protection than regular shots, Here's how to approach flu shots and COVID boosters during pregnancy, COVID vaccines: An annual booster like the flu shot could be the way forward, is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. Careers. The vaccines are miraculous, and Im grateful for them. [7] It seems highly unlikely that behavioural change alone (in the over 80s) could account for an increase in the risk of infection of a similar magnitude to that assumed by being in high-risk employment. A genuine increased risk of contracting infection post vaccination is important to understand, both for evaluating the vaccination programmes as well as planning the best time of year to carry such programmes out. The result shows that the Health Belief Model was the most frequently deployed theory, and the most common social media tool was educational posts, followed by dialogue-based groups, interactive websites, and personal reminders. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. doi: 10.1038/s41562-021-01155-z. National flu and COVID-19 surveillance reports. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to address this issue among 4244 individuals at several COVID-19 vaccination sites in Guangzhou, China. 2023 Apr 6;11(4):810. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040810. Nat. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. By comparing tissues from patients who had experienced neurological symptoms with those who hadnt, she hopes to shed light on the role of inflammation in a wide swath of neurodegenerative diseases. However, after vaccination this figure started to rise.[11]. It also impacts other organs, including the brain. A community volunteer trained a visits parents to encourage them to have their children vaccinated against measles, polio and other vaccine-preventable diseases. We discovered evidence that certain cells within the brain are capable of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, where the virus can replicate and infect other cell types, says Joseph G. Gleeson, a neurologist at the University of California, San Diego. Would you like email updates of new search results? But responses varied by country in terms of when people would feel confident about resuming activities such as flying or going to restaurants. The team also found damage to the medulla, which controls respiration and movement. Other drugs are used specifically to modulate the response: corticosteroids, Interleukin-6 inhibitors, and Janus kinase inhibitors. 16 Faguet GB. Here's what brain research shows. If your child is allergic to certain vaccines, youd notice signs that something is wrong. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015. After propensity score matching (PSM) treatment, we further assessed the changes in the scores of health belief, mental health, and preventive behaviors between the pre-vaccination group and the post-vaccination group. 2023 Mar 9;9:e43893. The REACT study of prevalence in January showed that the odds ratio of having a positive swab was 1.48 in healthcare and care home workers and 1.38 in other key workers (when compared to all workers). Another sign of a possible problem is if your baby or child cries uncontrollably for 3 hours or longer. (2015, May 12). [9] By 8th February 90% of the over 70s had been vaccinated. I wondered. Under a microscope, Boldrini and her team examined brain samples stained with brightly colored dyes to characterize different types of cells. 2021.https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/ (accessed 25 Mar 2021). It is not too late to go on the offense against the coronavirus. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Who buys lion bones? Its possible that inoculated people in the trial caught the coronavirus, but that the vaccine prevented them from developing symptoms. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. The Pfizer vaccination causes a transient fall in lymphocytes for the first three days after vaccination. Sensitivity and over-reaction to noise Frequent or spasmodic sneezing Spasms in the jaws Choking, gagging, or coughing when swallowing liquids Reverse sneezing, laryngeal spasms Involuntary urination Constant or unwarranted erections, even in neutered males Excessive licking of genitalia -, MacDonald NE; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy . To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner. These findings have implications for implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions combined with mass vaccination to control the rebound of COVID-19 outbreaks. Even before the March 2020 declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, CARE was working around the world to distribute hygiene kits and clean water, vital public health messages about how to protect yourself . See this image and copyright information in PMC. Previously, he was asymptomatic, working full-time as an office manager. The Author(s) 2021. This. COVID-19 infection is associated with a host of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including psychosis, even in individuals without previous mental illness. But no one knows how long such COVID-induced symptoms might persist. Boldrini was among the first to examine the brains of humans and research animals whod died of COVID-19 to see what was happening on a cellular level. 1 Moustsen-Helms IR, Emborg H-D, Nielsen J, et al. Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for an Unapproved Product Review Memorandum. 2020 Oct 9;22(10):e19684. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines prevent severe illness in almost all inoculated people, but were not yet sure that they can prevent people from becoming infected or infecting others. Her family was alarmed: She was confused, hesitant, nearly catatonic, exhausted. To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Human personality is the set of deeply ingrained characteristics and habits that influence how people think, feel, and behave. Wang Q, Yang L, Li L, Liu C, Jin H, Lin L. JMIR Public Health Surveill. J Infect Dis 1981;143:2528. Other researchers have found that key support cells in the brain called astrocytes were the main cell types vulnerable to infection, says Madeline Andrews, a postdoctoral neuroscience scholar at the University of California, San Francisco. Many of these symptoms have been associated with a COVID-19-induced hyperinflammatory state. Boldrini recounted what happened in the early days of the HIV epidemic, before antiviral medications were available that blocked replication of the pathogen and reduced viral load. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. If that happened, it would hardly lessen the astonishing nature of these vaccines, which have been developed in record time and prevent illness with an efficacy that was unthinkable just a few months ago. Typically, these reactions happen quickly after a vaccine, within a few minutes or hours. We used to see people who had HIV-AIDS with paranoia, hallucinations, but also cognitive symptoms, memory problems, concentration problems, Boldrini says. Right now, all we have are clues. This is the first report of psychotic symptoms after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also revealed focus of FLAIR hyperintensity in the left peritrigonal white matter, with multiple nonspecific punctate hyperintensities throughout the subcortical and periventricular white matter and focus of susceptibility in the right lateral thalamus. Development and Evaluation of an Index to Measure the Ability to Get Vaccinated for COVID-19. 2020 Nov 17;9(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00776-2. How to see the Lyrid meteor shower at its peak, Ultimate Italy: 14 ways to see the country in a new light, 6 unforgettable Italy hotels, from Lake Como to Rome, A taste of Rioja, from crispy croquettas to piquillo peppers, Trek through this stunning European wilderness, Land of the lemurs: the race to save Madagascar's sacred forests, See how life evolved at Australias new national park. The patient was admitted to the neurology service, where a video electroencephalogram (EEG) was negative. He was discharged on the same medication regime five days later, with good insight about his symptoms. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Hofmann C., Baur M.O., Schroten H. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis after TdaP-IPV booster vaccination: cause or coincidence? Before Vaccine 2015;33(34):41804190. [16] There is conflicting literature on whether this effect results in susceptibility to viral infections but there is certainly evidence suggesting that is the case in children. Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? -, Jarrett C, Wilson R, OLeary M, Eckersberger E, Larson HJ; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy . Photojournalist Jalal Shamsazaran documented his fathers battle with Alzheimer's disease. No one is suggesting there was a change of behaviour within care homes, except for inviting people in to carry out the vaccinations. 2020;585:410413. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, How Africa could soon start making its own medicines, COVID-19 cost Latin America and the Caribbean 1.5 million jobs. Association between the COVID-19 Vaccine and Preventive Behaviors: Panel Data Analysis from Japan. [3] [4] There is substantial anecdotal evidence of people who had tested negative prior to vaccination, becoming infected shortly afterwards, invariably attributed to exposure just before vaccination. A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. In fact, doctors are trying to find out whether these and other serious side effects were caused by vaccines or for other reasons. Cases of 'long COVID' frustrate patients, puzzle scientists March 28, 2021 Among 236,379 COVID-19 survivors, 24% had a confirmed mood, anxiety or psychotic disorder in the six months after. He was found to be anxious, guarded, superficial and grandiose. 2020.https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-flu-and-covid-19-surve (accessed 25 Mar 2021). Heres how to recover them. it speared my heart to remember Nat getting his MMR vaccine and. As well as the papers cited by the authors, other studies have shown a similar effect. How do we reverse the trend? However, care homes in every corner of the country saw outbreaks from December. COVID-19 COVID-mitigating behavior didn't change after vaccination, study says COVID-mitigating behavior such as physical distancing and mask use didn't change after receipt of vaccination prior to government exemptions, according to a research letter published yesterday in JAMA Network Open. Uncharacteristic irritability or mood swings can also signal Lyme disease. The key, Boldrini says, is to not let the immune system fight too long or too aggressively. Damage to the cerebral cortex then impacts language, reasoning, and social behavior; it ultimately spreads and destroys much of the brain. Within-subject associations between inflammation and features of depression: using the flu vaccine as a mild inflammatory stimulus. However, other vaccines, like influenza, have been shown to cause neuropsychiatric symptoms by the stimulation of these proinflammatory cytokines. She had no history of mental illness. .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. An official website of the United States government. 12 Walsh EE, Frenck RW Jr, Falsey AR, et al. For sure, there is still a lot of work to be done to promote immunization. These jumbles of beta-amyloid protein had accumulated between neurons in the brain. Now it seems the coronavirus can too. These changes in brain chemistry can cause neurological symptoms that frequently manifest years before the tremors begin, says Jeff Bronstein, who directs the Movement Disorders Program at the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles. Mild reactions after a vaccine show that its working. doi: 10.2196/43893. The Behavior Change for Good Initiative (BCFG) at the Wharton School and the School of Arts & Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania, in collaboration with the Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, today released findings from two of the largest-ever research studies aimed at increasing vaccine adoption.. He reported becoming clairvoyant, being able to talk with dead people, hearing people drumming outside his house and the constant voice of a co-worker whom he believed to be a paramour- it was later confirmed that there was no romantic relationship. The literature search yielded a total of 3,065 publications. Ad Choices. However, little is known about how the COVID-19 vaccination would affect mental health and preventive behaviors toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Disclaimer. Engagement Government - Case Studies Series, 228 W. Lexington St. Baltimore, Maryland 21201-3443, eases suffering and provides assistance to people in need in more than 100 countries, without regard to race, religion or nationality, Monitoring Evaluation Accountability and Learning, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, support local CSOs and professional associations to contribute to national discussions on immunization and health, develop and disseminate the evidence base on the public health value of vaccines immunization and the added value of achieving equity in access and use of immunization, include immunization in the agenda of governing bodies meetings, create regional forums and peer to peer exchange of information, best practices and tools, create expanded and more transparent mechanisms for aggregating, sharing and using information to monitor commitments, engage in dialogue that transmits information and responds to peoples concern and fears, create incentives for households and health workers in favor of immunization, train health workers in effective communication techniques & advocacy, engage enable and support CSOs to advocate the value of vaccines to local communities, policy makers and local and global media, develop and implement targeted strategies to sensitize vulnerable communities on their needs for vaccination for their survival, use the Internet, radio, television to inform residents and health professionals about vaccines; feature immunization champions such as film starsand famous athletes to communicate information, write and publish articles & books about immunization, engage underserved and marginalized groups to develop locally tailored and targeted strategies for reducing inequities, prevent and respond to vaccine preventable diseases during disease outbreaks and humanitarian crises and in conflict zones (Ebola in Guinea), take advantage of communities structures to enhance communication and deliver services, involve CSOs in community outreach and planning, develop new approaches to community engagement for urban and peri urban areas, train health workers and CSOs in engaging communities, advocate to health officials to ensure that vaccination campaigns cover mobile and rural populations and minorities, develop and promote the use of new technology for collection, transmission and analysis of immunization data, promote coordinated training and supervision of community based health workers, advocate for new and more effective vaccines, affordable vaccine prices, funding for vaccine delivery equipment and their equitable distribution. With COVID-19, a storm of inflammatory cytokine proteins can trigger an out-of-control immune response that might permanently damage or destroy brain cells. We report a case of a man with new onset psychosis after administration of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. National Library of Medicine Shed also suffered profound loss of memory. J Infect Dis 1975;132:758. Careers. Ill become less worried for myself, but stay worried for everyone else. The development of psychosis following vaccines administration is extremely rare. Life After Vaccination. About half of patients grow depressed, Bronstein says. Researchers suspect that the process interrupts the flow of serotonin and prompts the body to instead produce a cascade of substances that are toxic to neurons. Current trials arent designed to tell us. Catholic Relief Services eases suffering and provides assistance to people in need in more than 100 countries, without regard to race, religion or nationality. Its a highly specialized organ, with each part doing fantastically specific things.. They tell your childs body to make blood proteins called antibodies to fight off those diseases. Front Public Health. Factors Associated With Psychological Outcomes Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Health Care Workers Against COVID-19 Infection in Bangladesh. Knowing whats common and whats not will help put your mind at ease after your childs next round of shots. The 50-year-old former Marine and documentary photographer experienced psychosis in early 2021 after he recovered from a COVID-19 infection. 2023 Cond Nast. Because CSOs are rooted in the communities they serve, they are in a unique position to understand, articulate, and address the challenges facing local communities. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. 13 Folegatti PM, Ewer KJ, Aley PK, et al. Upon examination, Alzheimer observed that her brain had shrunk dramatically. CSOs often organize vast community mobilization activities, talk shows, radio shows and household visits to educate caregivers on the need for their children to be vaccinated to avoid diseases and strengthen their immune system. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Clin Ther. Thanks to the efforts and particular expertise of CSOs, and funding and support from Gavi and CRS, more and more people understand the benefits of immunization and fewer and fewer caregivers are rushing into their houses to hide from wild-beast health outreach workers when they come by with life-saving vaccines. Evans WD, Bingenheimer JB, Long M, Ndiaye K, Donati D, Rao NM, Akaba S, Hoglin B. EMG: COVID-19 risk by occupation and workplace, 11 February 2021. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.21252200 Bookshelf As I was listening to my friend relate the story of her mother trying to prevent her nephew from getting vaccinated, I was not sure if one should laugh at this story or rather be sad and alarmed that in this day and age people still shy away from immunization in the belief that they are protecting their children by not vaccinating them. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The virus that causes COVID-19 may also reduce blood flow to neurons by constricting capillariestiny blood vesselsor by interfering with their function. Dr. Andrew Wakefield's findings indicated that giving your children the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine could cause autism. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a deleterious impact on mental health at multiple levels. United States to assist the poor and vulnerable overseas. 2022 Mar 24;37(2):104-132. doi: 10.1093/her/cyac007. On the other hand, the risk of spread might grow if, after they are vaccinated, people mistakenly act as though they are no longer capable of hosting contagion. Shes seen cognitive changes in athletes as young as 17 who play contact sports, and playing football before the age of 12 increases the odds. But being unique isnt a plus when youre a patient. Findings from the study showed that over 50% of the patients experienced cognitive disturbances. By Isaac Chotiner. Type of social media intervention and the use of behavior change theories. Still, its important to know what symptoms your doctor needs to know about, so you can get help for your child. By June, Agerton said hed fully recovered. The .gov means its official. Ask your doctor about appropriate dosing of pain and fever reducers. CSOs even make use of entertainment education, such as puppet shows in Madagascar and collaboration with local pop stars to create educative songs on immunization. The following day he was wandering the unit talking to himself, stating that the EEG machine was communicating with him. Health Educ Res. 2 hours of sleep? 15 Munyer TP, Mangi RJ, Dolan T, et al. The project seeks to harness CSOs capacity to integrate into communities and win their trust, and to expand access to immunization services for those in hard-to-reach areas, including displaced persons and nomadic groups. Behavioral Change Strategies Push Nationwide Vaccination Commentary by Moustafa Kamel, R.Ph, P.G.C.M (OMNS July 14, 2021) Since the beginning of the worldwide pandemic narrative, all are led to one conclusion and one conclusion only: "Vaccination is the only way out. This ancient marvel rivaled Romes intricate network of roads, For some long COVID patients, exercise is bad medicine, Radioactive dogs? Understanding how COVID-19 affects the brain may have far broader implications. With fewer neurons in the brains learning and memory regions, these functions begin to suffer, Boldrini says. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. His-psychotic symptoms persisted and worsened until one week after the second vaccine dose he required hospitalization and initiation of antipsychotic medication. eCollection 2023. Photograph by Jalal Shamsazaran, NVP Images. Boldrini notes that they will continue to examine other brain regions for possible damage. and transmitted securely. Who could have made this brave woman run for her life? This may explain why the virus induces strokes: by starving the brain of oxygen. Educational messages were proved to be effective in increasing knowledge but less helpful in triggering behavior change. Social and Behavioral Change Communications Campaigns to Reduce Vaccine Hesitancy. Nguyen T, Boey L, Van Riet C, Dielen S, Dodion H, Giles-Vernick T, Vandaele N, Larson HJ, Peeters Grietens K, Gryseels C, Heyerdahl LW. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is unarguably a great stride in the management of the pandemic. We strongly believe that this report should not deter the use of this vaccine, but would provide an element of caution and of close monitoring of individuals at risk for psychosis receiving this or other vaccines. Boldrini notes that some long COVID symptoms mirror those caused by various chronic brain- and personality-altering conditions, including other viral infections, traumatic brain injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and Huntingtons. STDs are at a shocking high. Nature. While waiting for new data to come in, or for those around me to get vaccinated, Ill continue wearing full protective gear when caring for patients. In the worst-case scenario, in which the vaccines don't halt infection directly, they could still make it less likely: by lessening the virus-spraying symptoms of infectioncoughing and. The contributions of CSOs to immunization are broad and include service delivery, demand creation, accountability, disease surveillance, and advocacy for equitable access. Most importantly, CSOs take on the difficult task of changing social behavior. In the war to establish herd immunity, developing a vaccine is only half the battle. We thought we knew turtles. The brain fog made a lot of sense to me when I saw that there is loss of these neurons from COVID, Boldrini says. Fighting COVID-19 with Ancestral Wisdom in the Amazon. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. He was ultimately hospitalized in a psychiatric ward, twice. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2022 Jun;48:101454. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101454. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. They work to educate households so that caregivers will no longer hinder the vaccination of their children due to preconceived ideas on the effects of vaccines or just maybe because of lack of knowledge on the benefits of vaccines. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 9 All data related to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey: characteristics of people testing positive for COVID-19 in England, September 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/ (accessed 25 Mar 2021). CRS' Commitment to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2027906 In 1906 psychiatrist and neuroanatomist Alois Alzheimer detailed the results of a brain autopsy on a 55-year-old woman named Auguste D. In the years before her death, shed progressively lost her connection to reality, becoming an aggressive insomniac beset by increasing paranoia and suspicions about her family. Digital Health Interventions to Improve Adolescent HPV Vaccination: A Systematic Review. https://www.facebook.com/gibraltargovernment/posts/3958089680902965 (accessed 25 Mar 2021). According to Sage (2014), however, this goal is unlikely to be attained due to a number of obstacles including weak immunization demand related to local social-cultural and religious beliefs (as was the case with my friends mum), weak leadership, weak management and coordination, and challenging country contexts such as political conflict and epidemics such as the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Severe reactions are rare. However, little is known about how the COVID-19 vaccination would affect mental health and preventive behaviors toward the COVID-19 pandemic. He hosts gatherings . He grew paranoid, terrified that people were following him and convinced that a SWAT officer was encamped outside his Seattle home. These are unlikely reactions. Flowchart of questionnaire collecting and data processing in this study. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. It has only been reported following a handful of vaccines: yellow fever (Romeoetal., 2021), rabies (Bhojanietal., 2014), smallpox, typhus and pertussis (Hofmannetal., 2011), with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis as the likely mechanism (Hofmannetal., 2011). [(accessed on 21 June 2021)]; Available online. People with Alzheimers disease forget where they put things and become disoriented. Many vaccines, including those for measles and chicken pox, work this way. Goldsmith D.R., Rapaport M.H., Miller B.J. These symptoms are a sign that your childs body is making new antibodies. Using behavior change frameworks to improve healthcare worker influenza vaccination rates: A systematic review. March 9, 2021 The Biden Administration announced this . The site is secure. Improving communication about vaccination, adapted from Julie Leasks online blog [5]. Compared to those who reported positive vaccine intentions, respondents with negative vaccine intentions were significantly less likely to report that they engaged in the COVID-19 prevention behaviors of wearing masks (aOR = 0.53, CI = 0.37-0.76) and social distancing (aOR = 0.22, CI = 0.12-0.42). You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. But archaeology is confirming that Persia's engineering triumph was real. The site is secure. Choi J, Tam-Maury I, Cuccaro P, Kim S, Markham C. Vaccines (Basel). His-predominant symptoms were auditory hallucinations, grandiose delusions of becoming clairvoyant, and erotomaniac delusions to which he demonstrated poor insight on initial evaluation. PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] By adding behavioral components to an infectious disease . Are people letting down their guard too soon after covid-19 vaccination? doi: 10.2196/19684. Remdesivir, an intravenous antiviral treatment is approved for hospitalized patients; two new oral antivirals, Mercks molnupiravir andPfizer's Paxlovid, have been shown to reduce hospitalizations and death in patients at risk of serious illness. This systematic review aims to identify the breadth and effectiveness of such theories and tools. eCollection 2023 Feb. Chourpiliadis C, Lovik A, Khler AK, Valdimarsdttir UA, Frans EM, Nyberg F, Sullivan PF, Fang F. PLoS One. They're completely normal and no cause for. Kuhlman and colleagues examined 41 college-aged individuals after receiving the influenza vaccine and found that those with higher levels of serum interleukin-6 show more severe depressive symptoms (Kuhlmanetal., 2018). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. and transmitted securely. A Danish study showed a 40% increase in infections in the first two weeks after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination, despite not vaccinating in homes with recent outbreaks. Committee Weighed in Voting for the Pfizer COVID Vaccine. Dialogue-based social media intervention performed well in improving people's intention to vaccinate. A new infectious disease model that accounts for people's 'level of caution' or 'sense of safety' accurately captures surges and declines in COVID-19 cases since March 2020 and could help predict how the pandemic will eventually end.
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